Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the atomic and molecular arrangements within crystalline materials. It is based on the interaction of X-rays with electrons in crystalline materials, which produces a diffraction pattern that can be analyzed to obtain detailed information about the crystal structure. A perfect crystal possesses many periodically arranged blocks, or unit cells, in a three-dimensional lattice.

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique is a versatile method used in materials science, nanotechnology, and semiconductor industries for precise material removal, deposition, and analysis at the nanoscale. The FIB system works by generating a focused beam of charged ions (gallium ions) that can be rastered across the sample's surface, similar to the electron beam in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The primary applications of FIB include high-resolution imaging, site-specific sample preparation, and nanofabrication.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging technique used to study surfaces at the atomic and molecular levels. AFM can observe surfaces that are too small to be seen with traditional microscopy, such as individual atoms or molecules, and has become a vital tool in the field of nanotechnology. The AFM probe consists of a sharp tip attached to a cantilever. The tip is brought close to the sample surface, and the cantilever is deflected by the forces acting on the tip as it scans over the surface in a raster pattern.

Mesleh A, Ehtewish H, de la Fuente A, Al-shamari H, Ghazal I, Al-Faraj F, Al-Shaban F, Abdesselem HB, Emara M, Alajez NM, Arredouani A, Decock J, Albagha O, Stanton LW, Abdulla S and El-Agnaf OMA. Blood Proteomics Analysis Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Convergent Dysregulated Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7443.

Rheology is a complex field that involves the study of the flow and deformation of materials. It is used in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Understanding the rheological behavior of materials is critical to the development of new products and processes, and to the optimization of existing ones.

Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are critical thermophysical parameters that describe the heat transport properties of a material or component. Thermal diffusivity is a measure of how quickly a material can transfer heat, while thermal conductivity is a measure of how much heat can be transferred through the material. These parameters play a vital role in the design and optimization of materials for various applications, such as thermal insulation, electronic devices, and energy conversion systems.