Contact angle measurement is a powerful technique used to determine the wetting properties of a solid surface. It measures the angle formed by the tangent to the liquid-solid interface at the point where a liquid droplet meets a solid surface. The contact angle is a crucial parameter in understanding the interaction between a liquid and a solid surface, and it is widely used in many scientific and industrial applications.

The PP 40 is a programmable press that goes up to 40 t. It allows Ø 40 mm pellets to be made using exactly defined routines and pressure parameters (maximum pressure, ramp up, ramp down and holding time) resulting in repeatable quality.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful analytical technique widely used to determine the chemical composition of a sample. XRF is based on the interaction of X-rays with the electrons of atoms in a sample, which creates a fluorescent Xray with a discrete energy characteristic of the atom and its chemical environment. The emitted X-rays are then measured by a detector, and the intensity and energy of the X-rays provide information about the elements present in the sample.

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique is significantly important to develop thin films with a precision of atomistic growth. Such sequentially pulsed process involves the gaseous phase to build a successive monolayer of film on the substrates. In addition, the reactive process also involves the use of hazardous precursor materials. This technique can be marked as Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) technique where minimum two gas precursors are required to be pulsed sequentially and precisely inside the deposition chamber. Such process includes both pulse and purges.

Raman spectroscopy is a technique that provides a detailed analysis of the chemical composition and structure of materials. It is based on the inelastic scattering of light, which occurs when a sample is illuminated with a monochromatic laser beam. The scattered light contains information about the vibrations of the molecules in the sample. These vibrations can be analyzed to determine the chemical composition and structure of the material. Raman spectroscopy is used in many different fields, including materials science, chemistry, and biology.

Retsch AS 200: The AS 200 is a programmable sieve shaker that sorts powder samples by particle size.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the atomic and molecular arrangements within crystalline materials. It is based on the interaction of X-rays with electrons in crystalline materials, which produces a diffraction pattern that can be analyzed to obtain detailed information about the crystal structure. A perfect crystal possesses many periodically arranged blocks, or unit cells, in a three-dimensional lattice.

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique is a versatile method used in materials science, nanotechnology, and semiconductor industries for precise material removal, deposition, and analysis at the nanoscale. The FIB system works by generating a focused beam of charged ions (gallium ions) that can be rastered across the sample's surface, similar to the electron beam in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The primary applications of FIB include high-resolution imaging, site-specific sample preparation, and nanofabrication.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging technique used to study surfaces at the atomic and molecular levels. AFM can observe surfaces that are too small to be seen with traditional microscopy, such as individual atoms or molecules, and has become a vital tool in the field of nanotechnology. The AFM probe consists of a sharp tip attached to a cantilever. The tip is brought close to the sample surface, and the cantilever is deflected by the forces acting on the tip as it scans over the surface in a raster pattern.

Rheology is a complex field that involves the study of the flow and deformation of materials. It is used in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Understanding the rheological behavior of materials is critical to the development of new products and processes, and to the optimization of existing ones.