X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique that provides information on the chemical composition, elemental distribution, and chemical bonding state of the surface of a material. It is based on the photoelectric effect, which is a fundamental principle in quantum mechanics that explains the interaction between photons and matter. When a photon of sufficient energy is absorbed by an atom in a material, an electron is ejected from that atom, resulting in the emission of a photoelectron.

Planetary ball milling is a technique for reducing and homogenizing the average particle size of powder samples. This can also be used for mixing different powder samples into a homogenous mixture. This technique is mainly used for preparing samples for powder XRD and XRF. Our laboratory houses two (2) variant models of Retsch planetary ball mills, only differing in the number of ball jars, the volumetric capacity of each ball jar and maximum rotational speed. Both models are capable of storing 10 custom SOP’s, direction reversal and interval operation.

A Hall Effect Measurement System (HEMS) is a powerful scientific instrument used to measure the electrical properties of materials. It uses the Hall Effect, a physical phenomenon discovered by Edwin Hall in 1879, to measure the voltage generated when a current flows through a material placed in a magnetic field. The HEMS system typically consists of a sample holder, a magnet, a current source, and a voltmeter.

Contact angle measurement is a powerful technique used to determine the wetting properties of a solid surface. It measures the angle formed by the tangent to the liquid-solid interface at the point where a liquid droplet meets a solid surface. The contact angle is a crucial parameter in understanding the interaction between a liquid and a solid surface, and it is widely used in many scientific and industrial applications.

The PP 40 is a programmable press that goes up to 40 t. It allows Ø 40 mm pellets to be made using exactly defined routines and pressure parameters (maximum pressure, ramp up, ramp down and holding time) resulting in repeatable quality.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful analytical technique widely used to determine the chemical composition of a sample. XRF is based on the interaction of X-rays with the electrons of atoms in a sample, which creates a fluorescent Xray with a discrete energy characteristic of the atom and its chemical environment. The emitted X-rays are then measured by a detector, and the intensity and energy of the X-rays provide information about the elements present in the sample.

Retsch AS 200: The AS 200 is a programmable sieve shaker that sorts powder samples by particle size.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD) is a powerful analytical technique used to determine the atomic and molecular arrangements within crystalline materials. It is based on the interaction of X-rays with electrons in crystalline materials, which produces a diffraction pattern that can be analyzed to obtain detailed information about the crystal structure. A perfect crystal possesses many periodically arranged blocks, or unit cells, in a three-dimensional lattice.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a high-resolution imaging technique used to study surfaces at the atomic and molecular levels. AFM can observe surfaces that are too small to be seen with traditional microscopy, such as individual atoms or molecules, and has become a vital tool in the field of nanotechnology. The AFM probe consists of a sharp tip attached to a cantilever. The tip is brought close to the sample surface, and the cantilever is deflected by the forces acting on the tip as it scans over the surface in a raster pattern.

Rheology is a complex field that involves the study of the flow and deformation of materials. It is used in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine. Understanding the rheological behavior of materials is critical to the development of new products and processes, and to the optimization of existing ones.